The largest contribution of Byzantium to the science is considered the continuation and preservation of knowledge of the ancient world through the  reproduction of texts in the byzantine calligraphic workshops. However, the Byzantines were not limited to the copying of ancient manuscripts but they also wrote new ones where their empirical discoveries and technological achievements were reported.

The theological and hagiological secretariat of Byzantium has incorporated many findings of the ancient science. For example, Philo of Alexandria and Basil the Great analyzed the sacred text of Genesis in such a way as to match the generally accepted astronomical model of the Greco-Roman tradition of spherical geocentric world. In Constantinople the works of ancient and modern scholars as Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius of Perge in Pamphylia, Claudius Ptolemy, Diophantus, Theon Alexanricus (the father of Hypatia) and others, were republished at that time. Arab sources report the presence of Byzantine scholars in Baghdad and Damascus, which from the beginning of the 9^th century proved to be centers of mathematics, especially algebra, and astronomy. In general, Byzantium during that period was in constant contact with the Arab caliphate and their expertise, both in pacific and martial works, was largely shared, as can be assumed by the example of the greek fire, which was largely shared.

The most important evidence about the impact of the arab science to byzantine scholars, especially where solving of practical mathematical problems and planning of astronomical tables is concerned, derives from this period. These astronomical tables contained predictions of the positions of the celestial bodies, the conjugations and the eclipses that proved to be very useful in calculating Easter time and making horoscopes.

Already in Late Antiquity, the science of medicine was cultivated by great doctors and theoreticians of therapeutics and pharmacology in the major cities of the empire. The works of the great Greek physicians, Hippocrates and Galen formed the foundation of Byzantine medicine, although doctors didn't strictly followed the instructions of the ancient writings but enriched their knowledge through observation and experience. In the middle and late Byzantium, the development of medicine was based on writings such as the Anatomy of Gender by the monk Meletius focusing on human anatomy and physiology, the Medical Compendium of doctor Leo focusing on the theory of medicine, remedies and surgery, the Compendium of treating diseases by Theophanes Chrysobalantes and many more.

The sciences of architecture and engineering are those where both the differentiation of Byzantium from the older tradition and its contribution to the advancement of science are more evident. During the Late Antiquity is known that in Istanbul and other cities of the empire special schools functioned, attended by those who wanted to become architects. There, the works of Euclid, Vitruvius and Pappus of Alexandria were studied and the subjects of arithmetic, geometry, practical mathematics and their applications were taught.

Music, which was influenced by both ancient greek and roman music and by the chanting of the Jews, was a field that experienced particular development during the byzantine period. It was originally coded with a limited expressive system, which later evolved in Alexandria, Antioch and Ephesus. The first symbols indicating melodic variations appeared in the 9th century. Our knowledge of the music of earlier periods derives mainly from the typica of monasteries, as well as texts of the Church Fathers. Accordingly, the first melodies were probably syllabic (one note corresponds to one syllable). At the end of the 9th century Byzantine music becomes orchestrated and acquires a new style (one syllable of text spans multiple notes), and ceases to be monaural. Musical manuscripts containing collections of church hymns and melodies together with the poems written in honor of the emperor preserve the musical production of Byzantium. Treatises on the theory and notation of music, descriptions of religious ceremonies and secular celebrations, where hymns and psalms were chanted and instrumental music was played, also survived from the period in question.